Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Emily Szaferski
Fort Wayne, IN Lawyer
Family
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
With nearly two decades of experience, Emily approaches issues in a practical and compassionate manner for clients. In her domestic and family law practice, Emily Szaferski concentrates on dissolutions, adoptions, paternity matters, custody disputes, child support issues, and guardianships. She handles various types of adoptions including private, agency and foster adoptions, adoptions that involve the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children, and the finalization of international adoptions.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Lauren Minke
Fort Wayne, IN Lawyer
Insurance Defense and Medical Malpractice
Valparaiso University School of Law
Lauren Minke concentrates her practice in the area of litigation, with an emphasis in insurance defense and medical malpractice defense. She also represents clients in general liability defense and provides litigation services related to disputes concerning premises liability, real estate, and contracts. She has first chair bench trial and second-chair jury trial experience.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Robert T. Keen Jr.
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney
Insurance Defense and Products Liability
University of Notre Dame Law School
A trial lawyer, Robert T. Keen has extensive experience handling cases in state and federal courts across the State of Indiana for insurance companies, businesses and governmental entities. He focuses on commercial litigation, insurance defense, premises liability, products liability and employment litigation. He also has experience defending local governments and police officers against lawsuits.
He is a member of the Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel, the Defense Trial Counsel of Indiana, and the Defense Research Institute.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Benjamin Ice
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney
Health Care and Medical Malpractice
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Ben is a litigator with a focus on intense litigation and trial work. He has spent his career advocating for people and businesses involved in lawsuits. He represents both plaintiffs and defendants, although certain client relationships preclude his representation against some professionals.
Ben's focus on trial work began when he was a member of the Indiana University intercollegiate trial team for each of his three years of law school. Since then, he has sought out trial-intensive work and has participated in the presentation of over fifteen trials to a jury, with most of those trials involving the defense of doctors and...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Marcus Anthony Heminger
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney with 15 years of experience
Business and Securities
Cornell Law School
Marcus A. Heminger concentrates his practice in the areas of corporate and business law and securities law. He has extensive experience in corporate transactions, mergers, acquisitions, dispositions, joint ventures, private and registered public securities offerings, SEC reporting compliance, and NYSE and NASDAQ regulatory compliance.
Prior to returning to Fort Wayne and joining Barrett McNagny, Marcus spent more than five years working at one of New York's largest law firms, where he gained valuable experience with the firm's Capital Markets Group. His corporate governance and securities law experience also includes drafting and reviewing SEC disclosure documents, including Annual Reports, Quarterly Reports, Current...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Gregory Cranston
FORT WAYNE, IN Attorney with 12 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Juvenile and Traffic Tickets
Western Michigan University Cooley Law School
Gregory A. Cranston represents clients (adults and children) who have been charged with a crime or who are under investigation. Greg has represented clients throughout many counties within Indiana in cases involving serious felonies, misdemeanors and driving related matters. He has also represented clients in family law cases, landlord and tenant issues, civil lawsuits, and personal injury.
Cranston Law Can:
Help you understand the charges against you
Learn the potential range of outcomes for people in situations like yours
Provide general expectations for outcomes based on experience
Help navigate you through the system
Mount a strong defense on your behalf
Make sure your rights are protected every...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michelle L. Hildebrand
South Bend, IN Attorney with 10 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy, Elder and Estate Planning
Valparaiso University School of Law
I decided to open my own family friendly law firm in South Bend, Indiana. I understand the special needs of family law clients as well as those who are going through financial difficulties and have a need for debt collection assistance and bankruptcy services. I have my own family and decided this was the best way to meet the needs of my family while serving the needs of others.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Timothy E Kalamaros
Mishawaka, IN Attorney with 28 years of experience
Free ConsultationEstate Planning and Probate
Loyola University Chicago School of Law
Timothy Kalamaros focuses his practice on probate and trust administration, as well as estate planning using wills and trusts. Legal services also provided in areas of real estate, guardianships, business succession planning, asset protection, and business entity formation. Serving South Bend, Mishawaka, Granger, Osceola, St Joseph county, Elkhart county, and adjacent areas.
Mr Kalamaros also welcomes difficult or contested estate matters, including will contests, asserting creditor claims on estates, and representing heirs and beneficiaries of estates and trusts.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Isaac Isaiah Carr
Valparaiso, IN Attorney with 9 years of experience
Business and Real Estate
Valparaiso University and Valparaiso University School of Law
Isaac Carr graduated from Valparaiso University Law School summa cum laude with his Juris Doctorate as well as the AACSB-accredited Valparaiso University School of Business with his Masters in Business Administration. Areas of focus include business formation and strategy, contract writing, corporate finance, and various other aspects of the business world.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Joseph R Morris
Plymouth, IN Attorney with 28 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Personal Injury
Valparaiso University School of Law
Graduated with the highest honors possible (Summa Cum Laude, Corpus Juris Secundum) from the Valparaiso School of Law and with honors in Psychology from Ball State. Proud to be starting my 23rd year of practicing law in Marshall County, Indiana. My firm prides itself on doing these right the first time and I utilize an integrative and holistic approach to problem-solving. We assist clients in finding the most beneficial resolution to their pending issues.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Timothy Malloy
Highland, IN Attorney with 44 years of experience
Free ConsultationWorkers' Comp
Northern Illinois University
Timothy O. Malloy, born in Joliet, Illinois, September 2, 1953; admitted to the Bar in 1981. Education: Marquette University 1975; Northern Illinois University School of Law, Juris Doctorate 1980. Associations: Indiana State Bar, American Bar, Lake County Bar, and the Indiana Defense Lawyers Association. Mr. Malloy was appointed to the Judges and Lawyers Assistance Program by the Indiana Supreme Court in 2003. He is also a member of the Lake County Bar Association’s Board of Managers. He is also an active member of the Knights of Columbus, third degree and is the President of the St. John Evangelists...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
Cole Galloway
Valparaiso, IN Lawyer with 6 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and DUI & DWI
Valparaiso University
My name is Cole Galloway and I practice law in Northwest Indiana. I represent clients on criminal defense cases that involve operating while intoxicated offenses, drug crimes, theft crimes, and many more types of criminal offenses. I can assist you in your criminal case and make sure your rights are not violated.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Tyson P. Schroeder
Jeffersonville, IN Attorney with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationPersonal Injury and Workers' Comp
University of Louisville Louis D. Brandeis School of Law
I have handled thousands of cases and have been invited to speak to workers compensation practitioners at the invite of the Workers Compensation Board. Who better to handle you case than the guy the Board asks for his opinion on the law?
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Alex Dominguez
Merrillville, IN Lawyer with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Personal Injury and Traffic Tickets
DePaul College of Law
I am Alex Dominguez and I provide the highest quality, most cost-efficient legal representation possible. I am an experienced trial lawyer representing clients in the areas of criminal defense litigation and personal injury. GUIDING YOU THROUGH THE LEGAL PROCESS IN INDIANA Many of my clients are unfamiliar with the legal process. I will thoroughly explain the legal procedures to you and guide you through this process. Based on my knowledge and experience with local jurisdictions, I will be able to help you anticipate the hurdles you are likely to face in your particular case. COURTROOM EXPERIENCE ...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephen W. Thompson
Indianapolis, IN Attorney with 13 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals, Construction, Insurance Claims and Personal Injury
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Stephen W. Thompson, Esq. is an Indianapolis Personal Injury Lawyer.
Attorney Stephen Thompson has been a Hoosier living and working in central Indiana his entire life. Stephen was born in Indianapolis and attended North Central High School, where he was a varsity letterman in football and wrestling.
After graduating from high school, Stephen attended Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. Stephen graduated from Wabash College magna cum laude with degrees in Religion and Political Science and with the award of distinction on senior comprehensive exams.
After graduating from Wabash, Stephen attended the Maurer School of Law at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana.
While...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Joshua A. Martin
Indianapolis, IN Lawyer
Free ConsultationPersonal Injury
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
Joshua Martin is an Indianapolis Personal Injury Lawyer.
Joshua is an attorney licensed in the State of Indiana and the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana.
Originally from Lakeland, Florida, Joshua graduated valedictorian of his high school and played high school basketball and football. Although he received scholarship offers from colleges and universities across the United States, he attended Florida Southern College in Lakeland, Florida, where he was one of five individuals awarded a four-year, all-expense-paid scholarship to Florida Southern titled the George W. Jenkins Scholarship.
He graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor’s degree in criminology and accounting....
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Carla Garino
Westfield, IN Attorney with 26 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness, Estate Planning and Probate
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
Carla graduated summa cum laude and with Honor’s from Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana, with majors in both English and Latin. She then obtained her Law Degree from the Indiana University Maurer School of Law, graduating magna cum laude. During law school, Carla served as an Articles Editor and Associate Member with the Indiana Law Journal and was a member of the Women’s Law Caucus, Public Interest Law Foundation, and Children’s Law Discussion Group. Carla began her legal career with the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana as a Law Clerk for the Honorable David F....
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
William J Webster
Westfield, IN Lawyer with 15 years of experience
Free ConsultationBusiness, Divorce, Estate Planning and Family
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
William J. Webster practices as an attorney in Westfield, Indiana, serving clients throughout the State of Indiana. For nearly a decade, William has assisted individuals and businesses in protecting the things that matter most. He offers clients practical solutions for their estate, business, and family needs.
William is a lifelong resident of Hamilton County and resides in Westfield with his wife, Robbie, and four children, Dayton, Corbin, Bryce and Austin.
William obtained a Bachelor of Science in Finance from Marian University, a Masters in Business Administration from Valparaiso University, and a Doctor of Jurisprudence from Indiana University School of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jack Freedman
Fishers, IN Lawyer with 40 years of experience
Free ConsultationDivorce, Family, Juvenile and Personal Injury
Boston University School of Law
Mr. Freedman was admitted to practice law in the State of Indiana and the United States District courts for the Northern and Southern Districts of Indiana in October 1984. Mr. Freedman began his legal career as an associate with the esteemed law firm of Barnes & Thornburg in Indianapolis. During his seven-year career at Barnes & Thornburg, he was involved in a wide range of business and personal injury litigation in both state and federal court. He represented such major clients as General Motors Corporation, Uniden Corporation, Fruehauf Corporation, Amtrak and the Soo Line Railroad. He had the opportunity...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Brian DeHem
Noblesville, IN Lawyer
Free ConsultationBusiness, Civil Rights and Employment
Indiana University - Indiana University-Bloomington
Brian brings over 10 years of experience in strategic litigation and transforming legal departments by merging business, compliance, and legal objectives to increase revenue and mitigate risk. He understands the pressures legal departments and businesses face because he has been there, and he has successfully created revenue generating mechanisms and cost-efficient legal procedures that fundamentally change the way legal services are valued. With alternative fee arrangements tailored to the specific business or litigation and an in-depth understanding of your processes, legal services should boost your business, not drain it.
An accomplished litigator, Brian is known for his forceful arguments...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Bart Betteau
New Albany, IN Attorney with 33 years of experience
Civil Rights, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Juvenile
Indiana University - Indiana University-Bloomington
Bart Betteau will stop at nothing to provide each client with the most thorough and satisfactory defense possible, ensuring a fair case and trial to every client. This includes, without limitation, carefully researching and investigating your case in order to uncover any missed or forgotten information and evidence, challenging the state’s evidence and any illegality thereof, contacting any or all other parties involved, calling appropriate witnesses to testify on your behalf and resiliently negotiating with the prosecutor in order to, when possible, reduce your charge(s) or sentence.
EDUCATION: Wabash College, A.B., Magna Cum Laude, 1989
Indiana University School of Law, Bloomington,...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Chad Rollins
Fishers, IN Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Free ConsultationCollections, Landlord Tenant and Real Estate
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
Who We Are
Rollins Law Group is located in Fishers, IN supporting small to medium size businesses, individuals and their families. Our practice emphasizes cost-effective solutions that seek to avoid unnecessary litigation while minimizing costs and risk. We focus on real estate law, landlord/tenant law, civil litigation, specialized driving privileges, business law, debt collection, and estate planning.
Biography:
Chad is the managing attorney for Rollins Law Group. Prior to law school, Chad gained over ten years of experience in both a corporate environment and as a small business owner himself. During law school, Chad clerked for a...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Brittany Blau
Jeffersonville, IN Attorney with 18 years of experience
Divorce and Family
Louis D Brandeiss School of Law
As a graduate of Providence High School, Brittany has always been driven for success. A graduate of Smith College, Brittany went on to pursue her Master of Science in Biology from IUPUI. Her legal education was obtained from the Louis D. Brandeis School of Law at the University of Louisville.
From 2007 to 2012, Brittany worked as Clark County Indiana's Sex Crimes Prosecutor. The experience gave Brittany a wealth of courtroom and trial experience which she now translates into private practice. Brittany fights hard for her clients, both in court and in negotiations. She carefully reviews each client's personal...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Mike Cunningham
Brookville, IN Attorney with 6 years of experience
Free ConsultationIndiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law and Purdue University - Purdue University
Mike Cunningham focuses his practice on criminal defense, DUI/OWI, expungements, and specialized driving privileges for clients located primarily in the southeast Indiana area. He is admitted to practice law in all of Indiana’s 92 counties as well as Indiana’s Federal District Courts.
Regardless of the accusations and criminal charges a person faces, Mike firmly believes that everyone is presumed innocent unless proven guilty, and that they are entitled to a strong defense.
With a diligent work-ethic, attention to detail, exceptional research and writing skills, and passionate advocacy in the courtroom, Mike strives to put clients at ease by protecting their rights, listening...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Amy Noe Dudas
Richmond, IN Attorney with 24 years of experience
Appeals, Estate Planning, Family and Probate
Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law
I graduated from Earlham College in 1990 with a bachelor of arts degree in English and French literature and from IU McKinney School of Law in 2000 with a doctor of jurisprudence degree. I has been practicing law in Richmond ever since with a commitment to community advocacy.
I was recently nominated Vice President of the Indiana State Bar Association with confirmation expected in October of 2020. Since 2005, I have been active with the ISBA, serving on its Board of Governors in various capacities.
I served as President of the Indiana Bar Foundation (2018-2020), with my Board tenure there beginning in...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Paul M. Namie
Rochester, IN Lawyer with 11 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Divorce, Family and Traffic Tickets
Valparaiso University School of Law
As your lawyer, I seek outcomes tailored to your individual needs and objectives. When I meet with you for the first time, I will listen carefully to your side of the story and thoroughly explain the legal process. Together, we will discuss all available options for a resolution. I provide trial representation when needed and always seek the best possible outcomes. Family disputes and other legal issues can be difficult to talk about. I strive to provide a comfortable, relaxed atmosphere in my office where you can feel free to talk openly and honestly. I will be equally open and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Kimberly Ann Mouratides
Crown Point, IN Lawyer with 12 years of experience
Free ConsultationBankruptcy, Collections, Foreclosure Defense and Real Estate
Valparaiso University School of Law
Experienced Attorneys with over 45+ years of combined experience! Visit us at www.ManningandMouratides.com
Debt Relief · Bankruptcy · Real Estate · Wills and Probate · Civil Litigation
We Proudly Serve Lake and Porter County Communities, and Surrounding Areas, Including but Not Limited to:
Crown Point, East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, Hobart, Lake Station, Whiting, Cedar Lake, Dyer, Griffith, Highland, Lowell, Merrillville, Munster, New Chicago, Schererville, Schneider, St. John, Winfield, Lake Dalecarlia, Lakes of the Four Seasons, Shelby, Ainsworth, Belshaw, Brunswick, Creston, Deep River, Deer Creek, Dinwiddie, Green Acres, Illinoi (partial), Klaasville, Kreitzburg, Leroy, Liverpool, New Elliott, Orchard Grove, Palmer, Range Line, Ross, Southeast...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
William Theodoros
Merrillville, IN Attorney with 66 years of experience
Free ConsultationMedical Malpractice, Nursing Home, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Indiana University
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Perry W. Theodoros
Merrillville, IN Lawyer with 42 years of experience
Free ConsultationMedical Malpractice, Nursing Home, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Valparaiso University School of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Scott A. Kainrath
Tipton, IN Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationConsumer and Personal Injury
Indiana University - Indiana University-Bloomington
We provide bankruptcy and personal injury legal services to the greater Indianapolis and Central Indiana area.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Kelly A. Sheets
Merrillville, IN Lawyer with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationMedical Malpractice, Nursing Home, Personal Injury and Products Liability
Valparaiso University School of Law
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gregory Fumarolo
Fort Wayne, IN Lawyer with 47 years of experience
Free ConsultationAppeals and Criminal Defense
Gregory L. Fumarolo graduated from Indiana University School of Business in 1975 and Indiana University School of Law (Indianapolis) in 1978. His legal career began in 1978 as an Allen Superior Court Law Clerk. Fumarolo was Chief Deputy Prosecutor of Allen County from 1983 to 1986, but the vast majority of his career has been in the criminal defense arena either via private practice or as a public defender, primarily in Allen County.
His practice has included death penalty litigation, appellate practice, trial practice and as court appointed lawyer in CHINS and TPR cases. Mr. Fumarolo’s career as a public defender...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gurleen Kahlon
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney
Business and Insurance Defense
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Gurleen Kahlon concentrates her practice in the areas of commercial litigation and general liability defense. Specifically, she provides litigation services related to disputes concerning contracts, real estate, insurance defense matters, and premises liability.
Prior to joining the firm, Gurleen practiced in Washington D.C. at a litigation firm where she focused her practice primarily in the areas of insurance coverage and bankruptcy disputes involving commercial liability, products liability, and complex torts. She assisted in representing major insurance companies in complex litigation in federal and state courts across the country.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Lewis Ostermeyer
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney
Business
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Lewis Ostermeyer is part of our business transactions team assisting with drafting and reviewing of contracts, regulatory compliance, and due diligence. He also supports business clients with general corporate matters, including advising on business structure and entity formation.
Prior to joining the firm, Lewis spent two years as a Legislative Assistant for the Indiana House of Representatives, where he worked alongside three state legislators and staffed the Courts and Criminal Code Committee and other criminal justice committees and councils. He also has worked in the Allen County Voter Registration Office and in the office of the Allen County Board of Commissioners.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Caleb Peery
Fort Wayne, IN Lawyer
Business and Insurance Defense
George Mason University School of Law
Caleb Peery is a member of the litigation team where he handles matters involving insurance defense, commercial litigation premises liability, products liability, collections, and contract disputes. He has experience with the court system, as he spent time following law school clerking for the Honorable Jennifer DeGroote and the Honorable Andrew Williams in Allen County Superior Court. During law school, he was a judicial intern for the Honorable Rossie Alston at the Albert V. Bryan U.S. Courthouse in Alexandria, VA and for the Honorable Daniel Ortiz in Fairfax County Circuit Court in Fairfax, VA.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&A
Robbin Trowbridge Benko
Chesterton, IN Lawyer with 23 years of experience
Free ConsultationFamily
Valparaiso University School of Law
I have been a resident of Chesterton for 40 years. I am a mother to three boys, though tragically, my oldest son was murdered in 2001. You can find more about this by searching my name or my son's name, John Trowbridge, online, where you can also learn about the laws I have written and the programs I have initiated.
I am deeply involved in my community, volunteering for the Porter County Veterans Court and the American Legion, where I served as the past Auxiliary President. I have also been volunteering at my local nursing home for a decade and have...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Matthew Wayne Chapel
Fort Wayne, IN Lawyer with 29 years of experience
Free ConsultationArbitration & Mediation, Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Juvenile
Case Western Reserve University School of Law
Matt Chapel is a Trial Lawyer based out of Fort Wayne, Indiana. He is a National Institute for Trial Advocacy Master Advocate and studied under Gerry Spence. Practicing criminal defense in Fort Wayne, Northeast Indiana and Northwest Ohio, Matt brings 23 years of experience to every case. Matt is a former U.S. Marine. Why is this significant? Because Matt brings his fighting spirit to every case - including yours.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Gary Johnson
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney with 33 years of experience
Employment
Indiana University Maurer School of Law
Gary is the Chair of the firm's Labor and Employment Practice Group. He advises clients in all areas of employment and labor law. Gary's strengths are his responsiveness and his ability to communicate complex subjects in a straightforward and understandable way.
Gary represents a wide range of clients, including steel manufacturers, automotive suppliers, health-care providers, municipalities, print shops, agribusiness, construction companies, and food producers. He has represented and advised clients in over twenty U.S. states and Canada. Although Gary’s primary expertise is employment and labor law, many clients seek Gary’s advice on a wide range of legal issues because...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Andrew Wolf
Michigan City, IN Attorney with 22 years of experience
(219) 380-3070
2424 Franklin Street
207 Professional Center
Michigan City, IN 46360
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Divorce and Family
Ohio Northern University
Andrew Wolf has been practicing law since 2002. He received his law degree from Ohio Northern University and also holds a master's degree in business administration from Purdue University and a bachelor's degree in political science from Indiana University.
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Brian Joseph Downey
Fort Wayne, IN Attorney with 19 years of experience
Business and Estate Planning
University of Akron School of Law
Brian focuses his practice in the areas of wills and trusts, the avoidance or reduction of estate, inheritance, and generation-skipping taxes. He also consults business owners regarding the choice of entity issues, valuation issues, buy-sell agreements, and business succession issues.
A Fort Wayne native, Brian practiced for over twenty years assisting estate planning clients in the State of Florida prior to joining Barrett McNagny. Brian is licensed to practice law in the states of Indiana, Florida, and Arizona (inactive).