Claimed Lawyer Profile
Mr. Jamy Richard Johansen
Superior, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 22 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Divorce and Family
Attorney Johansen is a Superior native who graduated from the UWS-Superior with a B.A. in History, cum laude. He earned his J.D. in San Diego, California. While in law school, Johansen worked for Federal Defender's of San Diego, Inc.
After passing the bar examination, Johansen began handling cases in Douglas County and surrounding Wisconsin counties. Attorney Johansen has served as both President and Vice President of the Douglas County Bar Association and is a member of the State Bar of Wisconsin. For the past two decades, he has been President of Johansen Law Office, S.C. where he focuses...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Stephen Zuber
Superior, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 33 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Bankruptcy, DUI & DWI and Domestic Violence
Stephen R Zuber, S.C. Attorney At Law has over 30 years local experience practicing in Superior, Wisconsin as well as in Duluth, Minnesota, and their surrounding areas. No matter what your legal needs, Stephen R. Zuber will represent you diligently, effectively, and will present your case to obtain the most optimal results.??
When someone trusts me to defend them and their good name, I take it very seriously. My clients have the option of choosing any attorney to represent them in court. So, when an individual decides to choose me, I want to provide them with quality representation in return.
Most of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Collin Mettelka
Eagle River, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 8 years of experience
Criminal Defense, Business, Estate Planning and Real Estate
Marquette University Law School
Wisconsin native, Collin Mettelka, grew up in Green Bay. His mother is a public school teacher at Doty Elementary School and his father is the owner and operator of Jaymar Screen Printers, Inc.
Although Collin grew up in Green Bay, the Mettelka family has been part of the Vilas County community since 1938, when his Great-Great Grandfather, John J. Mettelka, built a cabin in Plum Lake, Wisconsin. Since that time, his family has maintained strong roots in Vilas County.
Collin received his Bachelor’s Degree from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and his Juris Doctorate from Marquette University Law School. While obtaining...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Brian Bennett
Rhinelander, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 24 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Micah Pahl
Superior, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 1 year of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Joseph Bauer
Medford, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer
Criminal Defense, Divorce, Family and White Collar Crime
A legal dispute can have a big effect on your life. Without representation, the court system can be intimidating and confusing.
Joe Bauer is a native of Medford, WI. He received his law degree in May, 2018 from Mitchell-Hamline School of Law in St. Paul, Minnesota. He passed the Wisconsin Bar Exam shortly after graduation.
Joe has a combined three years of courtroom experience litigating a variety of issues from criminal defense to personal injury, where he secured good outcomes for his clients.
Joe is a passionate advocate for individual liberty. He will fight for your rights with conviction and diligence.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Karl J. Kelz
Medford, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 25 years of experience
Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Family and Traffic Tickets
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Samuel L Lawton
Spooner, WI Criminal Defense Attorney
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Frederick B Melms
Eagle River, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer
Criminal Defense, Civil Rights, Family and Personal Injury
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Kyle R Reimann
Merrill, WI Criminal Defense Attorney
Criminal Defense, Consumer, Divorce and Domestic Violence
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Michael Cohen
Eau Claire, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
University of Wisconsin - Madison
We are the best criminal defense team in Northcentral and Northwestern Wisconsin. We have been helping clients resolve their matters for over 30 years.
A criminal or OWI case can leave you with many hardships — from loss of a job, to financial hardships, community stigmatization and psychological and emotional distress. Defending a criminal or drunk driving case is difficult and stressful. You don't have to fight this battle alone.
When a loved one is charged with a crime, the impact can be felt throughout the home. Many individuals struggle with enormous stress and anxiety due to the situation. This stress...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Benjamin T Van Severen
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 11 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and DUI & DWI
Marquette University Law School
Benjamin Van Severen is a criminal defense attorney who practices in Milwaukee and throughout the state of Wisconsin. He has experience handling all types of cases, from misdemeanors and OWI/DUI to serious felonies, including homicide, sexual assault, crimes involving firearms, and drug crimes.
Focusing entirely on criminal defense, Attorney Van Severen has achieved an acquittal rate three times the state average. Attorney Van Severen received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University in 2010, with majors in Political Science and Criminology, and a minor in Music. He then received his Juris Doctor from Marquette...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Tracey A Wood
Middleton, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 31 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
University of Wisconsin Law School
A true Wisconsin native, Attorney Wood earned her undergraduate degree from Marquette University and her law degree from the University of Wisconsin. From the beginning of her legal career, Attorney Wood dedicated herself to defending OWI cases—allowing her to gain valuable experience and insights that are used to help her clients. Attorney Wood is the first Wisconsin attorney to serve on the Board of Regents for the National College for DUI Defense (NCDD) held at Harvard Law School, an organization devoted to furthering education for attorneys in this field of law. She is also a frequent speaker at...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Nils P. Wyosnick
Appleton, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 13 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
University of Illinois Chicago School of Law
Nils Wyosnick is an attorney for Murphy Desmond S.C., based in Madison, Wisconsin. With a concentration in defending clients charged with drunk driving offenses and misdemeanor and felony crimes, Nils represents clients in Wisconsin and Illinois.
A graduate of the University of Illinois-Chicago School of Law, Nils began his career as a prosecutor for the Cook County State's Attorney's Office in Chicago. As an Assistant State's Attorney, Nils prosecuted in some of the busiest courtrooms in the nation, gaining extensive trial work experience and training. In 2014, Nils left the State's Attorney's office for private practice; continuing his experience in...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Nathaniel J Wojan
Green Bay, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 13 years of experience
Criminal Defense, Divorce, Estate Planning and Family
Marquette University Law School
Raised in Northcentral Wisconsin, Attorney Wojan attended UW-Oshkosh and Marquette University Law School. Attorney Wojan has practiced at Petit & Dommershausen since 2012.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Stephen Pleck Johnson
Sturgeon Bay, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 52 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Active Scout leader and Council Board member, Elderly Housing Board, Local party treasurer, Radio broadcasting board member. Past Red Cross Chapter President and Water Safety Chair and WSIT. Concentrate in Criminal Law, Probate, Real Estate and General Practice.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Richard Coad
Madison, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and DUI & DWI
William Mitchell College of Law
Rick Coad is the founder and principal of Coad Law Office, S.C., in Madison, Wisconsin. He is a top-rated criminal defense attorney with more than 19 years of experience. Rick focuses his practice on defending individuals and corporations in state and federal court. His skills have carried him to courts throughout the midwest, and he has argued a case in the United States Supreme Court.
He has been named by Super Lawyers thirteen times in his career, most recently in 2023. He is widely considered a leading defense lawyer in Wisconsin.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Julia Westley
Madison, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 9 years of experience
5610 Medical Circle
Suite 26
Madison, WI 53719
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
Marquette University Law School
Attorney Westley practices criminal defense and DUI/OWI all over Wisconsin. She graduated from Marquette University Law School in 2015 with a certificate in litigation and uses that every day. She did her undergrad at the University of Minnesota and graduated from there in 2011. She has done a stint with Americorps and regularly volunteers for Teen Court in Waukesha County as a judge.
She has won numerous awards for client satisfaction and works hard to get the best case scenario for her clients on a daily basis.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Eric Raskopf
Oconomowoc, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 32 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
Cleveland State University
I have successfully defended the rights of the accused in the full range of criminal and traffic offenses since 1992. I am sensitive to the fact that while I have a busy caseload, this may be your only experience with the criminal justice system. Whether your are accused of a minor traffic violation or a serious felony, you can expect that your matter will be handled with a high level of professionalism, integrity and sensitivity. Remember, it's your case.
Proper communication between attorney and client is the hallmark of effective representation. Clients can expect copies of documents filed on their behalf...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
John Birdsall
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 35 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and White Collar Crime
University of Wisconsin Law School
Attorney John A. Birdsall has more than 30 years of experience and has earned a reputation as one of the most trusted and victorious criminal defense attorneys in the State of Wisconsin. With over 260 jury trials, mostly for serious felonies, he has an acquittal rate that is three times the state average.
John’s practice is focused exclusively on defending the wrongly accused, and he has recently made headlines for his defense of a client named Eddie Gill. After being accused of shooting and killing a Milwaukee resident, John helped uncover that the police had interrogated Gill into confessing when...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Franklyn M. Gimbel
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 64 years of experience
(414) 271-1440
330 East Kilbourn Avenue
Two Plaza East, Suite 1170
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Criminal Defense and Employment
Marquette University Law School
Franklyn M. Gimbel founded GRGB after serving as an Assistant United States Attorney from 1963 through 1968. His experience as a federal prosecutor has proven invaluable in developing a successful private criminal defense law practice.
Over the years, Frank has expanded his practice into civil litigation, including complex business, employment, communications, and First Amendment cases. He has represented small businesses and large corporations, as well as individuals ranging from working men and women to judges, CEOs, and other professionals. No person's problem is too insignificant or too complicated.
Helping people is Frank's passion and the cornerstone of his practice. As he so...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Michael Hayes
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 43 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Personal Injury and Traffic Tickets
Marquette University Law School
Michael M. Hayes was a founding partner of the Milwaukee law firm of Hayes & Rothstein, 1983-2019.
A Milwaukee native, Mr. Hayes earned his Juris Doctor law degree in 1981 from Marquette University Law School, where he was the Lead Articles Editor on the Law Review. During this time, he also served as a Judicial Intern for Wisconsin Court of Appeals Chief Judge John Decker. His undergraduate studies were completed at the University of Notre Dame and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he graduated in 1977. Within 3 years he was listed in Best Lawyers in America after founding what had...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Amy Catherine Scholz
Brookfield, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 16 years of experience
Criminal Defense
University of Akron School of Law
Attorney Amy C. Scholz is a former state criminal prosecutor who primarily focuses her practice on providing the best defense to clients with criminal defense, traffic, and drunk driving matters. Amy began her practice in Ohio where she worked for the City of Akron Prosecutors Office. She then returned to Wisconsin where she worked as an assistant district attorney before refocusing her practice to criminal defense. Amy is a zealous advocate for her clients. She has successfully argued motions to the court, negotiated the reduction of felony and misdemeanor charges, prevailed at jury trials, and earned...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Raymond Dall'Osto
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 47 years of experience
(414) 271-1440
330 East Kilbourn Avenue
Suite 1170
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Employment and White Collar Crime
Marquette University Law School
Raymond M. Dall’Osto is a partner with the law firm of Gimbel, Reilly, Guerin & Brown, LLP in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is admitted to practice law in Wisconsin and Illinois. His practice areas are white-collar and criminal defense in federal and state courts, defense of regulatory investigations, professional discipline defense, ethics and licensing matters, civil litigation, personal injury, employment, and constitutional rights.
Ray received his law degree from the Marquette University Law School in 1977. He taught there as an adjunct professor of law from 1985 to 1990, and also has lectured at the University of Wisconsin...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Anthony Cotton
Waukesha, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 19 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and DUI & DWI
Marquette University Law School
My first trial after graduating law school was a homicide case and we achieved a not guilty verdict. Since then, our firm has achieved innumerable dismissals and acquittals. We have won cases that seem unwindable. We have won cases when clients have confessed to crimes. In one very remarkable case, one of our clients confessed to a crime and pleaded guilty with another lawyer. After coming to us for a second opinion we were able to withdraw his guilty plea, go to trial, and convince a jury of his innocence despite the fact that he confessed his guilt to the...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Cole Ruby
Baraboo, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense and Appeals
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Attorney Cole D. Ruby is universally recognized as one of the leading appellate attorneys in the State of Wisconsin. He focuses his practice on litigating appeals following convictions at jury trials. He has successfully litigated post-conviction issues in cases involving, for example, drug trafficking, sexual assault, possession of child pornography, arson, and homicide. On several occasions, Attorney Ruby has been able to have convictions overturned and charges dismissed completely, even after a client was convicted at jury trial while represented by other attorneys. Attorney Ruby is also an accomplished trial lawyer. Together with Andrew Martinez, he’s a two-time recipient of...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial MediaResponsive Law
Sarah Schmeiser
Madison, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 19 years of experience
Criminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and Traffic Tickets
University of Wisconsin Law School
Sarah concentrates on two areas of practice: criminal and traffic defense and immigration law. In the area of criminal and traffic defense, Sarah has defended clients at all levels - from local municipal courts through the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Sarah handles many circuit court trials every year, successfully protecting client interests. Sarah handles all levels of appeal in criminal and traffic cases and has argued several cases in front of the Wisconsin Supreme Court.
Sarah frequently handles charges of drunk driving, sexual assault, substantial battery, theft from employer, delivery of a controlled substance, and all types of criminal and...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Teuta Jonuzi
Middleton, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 7 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
University of Wisconsin Law School
As an young and energetic attorney at Tracey Wood & Associates, Teuta Jonuzi fights hard for the rights or her clients.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jessie Weber
Eau Claire, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 20 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Juvenile
University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law
I have dedicated my practice to criminal defense for the past decade. I have worked in both the private sector and public sector.
My experience in both sectors has given me the opportunity to meet and work with experienced attorneys across the State. Over the years I have dealt with a wide variety of legal matters that have provided invaluable experience and knowledge of the law and the legal system.
My desire is to provide the most effective and comprehensive defense available to my clients. I want my clients to know that I understand they are in a unique situation and that...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Christopher T Van Wagner
Madison, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 43 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Domestic Violence and White Collar Crime
Cornell University
An accomplished defense attorney with a background in prosecution.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Patrick Kiernan Cafferty
Racine, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Traffic Tickets and White Collar Crime
Marquette University Law School
Mr. Cafferty’s credentials and awards include:
+ Graduate of Marquette University Law School
+ Member of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
+ Member of the Wisconsin Association Criminal Defense Lawyers
+ Named in Super Lawyers Magazine 2008 – 2021
+ Earned the Distinguished Martindale-Hubbell AV* Peer Review Rating
+ Named in Best Lawyers in America 2013-2021 Edition for Criminal Defense
Mr. Cafferty has developed solid professional relationships and a reputation of being honest with judges and prosecutors throughout Southeast Wisconsin.
From offices in Racine, criminal defense lawyer Patrick Cafferty defends the rights of people charged with state and federal criminal offenses throughout Southeastern Wisconsin and Northern...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Jeffrey Lee Murrell
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 29 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Bankruptcy, Business and DUI & DWI
Marquette University
Admitted to practice law in Wisconsin since 1995, I have had my own law practice since 1997. Based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, my practice concentrates on litigation in the areas of criminal defense (all levels, state & federal), family law (divorce, child custody/support, paternity), personal bankruptcy (and alternatives), state & municipal licensing and other areas. I am admitted to practice in Wisconsin and in both the U.S. District Courts of the Eastern and Western Districts of Wisconsin. I earned my B.A. at the University of New Orleans in 1991 and my J.D. from Marquette University Law School in 1995. I am...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Nicole Masnica
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 14 years of experience
Criminal Defense and Appeals
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Nicole M. Masnica is a Partner at Gimbel, Reilly, Guerin & Brown, LLP in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Working to serve Wisconsin clients and bettering her community has always been a top priority. Nicole has spent countless hours in circuit courts in Southeastern Wisconsin both as a trial attorney and appellate advocate.
Prior to joining the firm, Nicole spent nine years representing countless individuals in all stages of criminal litigation at the Wisconsin State Public Defender’s Office, from pre-charging conferences to appellate representation to administrative revocation proceedings. She has tried multiple cases to a jury with successful outcomes and has achieved relief for...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Adam J. Schleis
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer
(414) 271-1440
330 East Kilbourn Avenue, Suite 1170
Milwaukee, WI 53202
Criminal Defense
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Before joining Gimbel, Reilly, Guerin & Brown, LLP as an Associate, Adam J. Schleis worked for seven years in the Wisconsin State Public Defender’s Office where he did trial-level defense work. His practice later expanded to include cases beyond criminal defense such as those involving mental health, guardianship, child protective services and family law— working with clients from pre-charging all the way through jury trial. In his eight years of experience, Adam has tried plenty of cases in front of a jury.
To schedule your initial consultation with the Wisconsin Criminal Defense Attorney, visit online or call 414-271-1440.
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Matthew Pinix
Milwaukee, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Appeals and Civil Rights
Marquette University Law School
Atty. Matthew Pinix has represented hundreds of individuals in postconviction, appellate, habeas, and civil rights matters. He has also given several educational talks to lawyers, law students, and the public about criminal appeals and the processes involved.
On multiple occasions, he has been invited by other lawyers to represent individuals or organizations before the Wisconsin Supreme Court in criminal cases.
Every year since 2013, he has been selected by his peers for inclusion in Super Lawyers Magazine as a Rising Star, an award given to no more than 2.5% of the attorneys in Wisconsin.
Prior to becoming a practicing lawyer, Matthew worked as...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial MediaResponsive Law
Glenn E. Gaskill III
Brookfield, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 14 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI and Traffic Tickets
Marquette University Law School
Attorney Glenn E. Gaskill III received his undergraduate degree from the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, where he studied Political Science and Philosophy in addition to being a member of the football team. He went on to receive his Juris Doctor from Marquette University Law School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he practices today.
Through the practice of law, Attorney Gaskill has taken the skills that made him successful on the football field and translated them to the courtroom. He has used his work ethic and honed his competitive spirit to his advantage in the courtroom with victories in both misdemeanor and felony...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileBlawg SearchSocial Media
Paul E. Bucher
Waukesha, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 43 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Estate Planning and Personal Injury
Marquette University Law School
Paul was born in Milwaukee, WI and grew up on the south side of Milwaukee. Paul has five brothers and was raised by a single mom. Growing up on the south side of Milwaukee, Paul attended the local Catholic grade school and worked his way through school by working at gas stations, having a paper route and doing whatever he could to raise money to pay for tuition and books. Paul attended Pius XI high school and, once again, worked to pay all costs of his education, as did his five brothers.
Upon graduating from high school, Paul took a year...
Claimed Lawyer ProfileSocial Media
Andrew I. Martinez
Baraboo, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 16 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense
University of Wisconsin - Madison
Attorney Andrew I. Martinez has devoted his entire legal career to helping people accused of crimes. He focuses his practice on defending people facing charges of homicide, attempted homicide, and sex-based crimes involving adults or children. He also handles cases involving allegations of domestic abuse. Attorney Martinez is an experienced and accomplished trial lawyer, having tried cases throughout Wisconsin on charges at all levels of severity. Together with Cole Ruby, he’s a two-time recipient of the Wisconsin Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers’ Hanson Award, each for winning a not-guilty verdict in a jury trial involving a charge of first-degree intentional...
Claimed Lawyer Profile
Steven House
Madison, WI Criminal Defense Attorney with 24 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, Appeals, Cannabis Law and DUI & DWI
University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign
Claimed Lawyer ProfileQ&ASocial Media
Aaron W Schenk
Pulaski, WI Criminal Defense Lawyer with 17 years of experience
Free ConsultationCriminal Defense, DUI & DWI, Family and Traffic Tickets
Ave Maria School of Law
For a Green Bay Attorney that PUTS YOU FIRST, look no further! The Schenk Law Firm, LLC is a "Client-First" Law Firm serving Green Bay (Brown County), Appleton (Outagamie County), Oshkosh (Winnebago County), and all other areas in Northeastern Wisconsin & Michigan. The Schenk Law Firm provides powerful legal representation to the people of Wisconsin, we are available for 24/7 Emergency Legal Assistance 911@SchenkLegal.com as well. Our Attorneys are some of the most sympathetic and considerate. Whether you're experiencing a Criminal Felony or Misdemeanor Law Case, Traffic, Probation Revocation, Appeals, Family Law Case, Divorce, Child Custody, Tribal Court, or Federal...